ʻO nā ala hoʻoheheʻe o ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia no ka ʻoihana valve - Nā kikoʻī kikoʻī no nā hoʻolei kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no nā kiwi

ʻO nā ala wili o ke kila kila kila no ka ʻoihana valve - ʻO ke kikoʻī kikoʻī no ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke kila wela haʻahaʻa no nā valve ʻO ke kila ikaika, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ke kila ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole i emi iho ka ikaika ma mua o 1290MPa a me ka ikaika tensile ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o 440MPa. E like me ka yield point a me ka wela lapaau moku'āina, ikaika kila hiki ke maheleia i wela owili normalizing kila, haʻahaʻa kalapona tempered kila a me medium carbon tempered kila. Hot owili normalizing kila he 'ano o ka non-wela lāʻau i hoʻoikaika 'ia kila, ka mea maʻamau i hoʻolako 'ia ma ka wela olokaa a normalizing moku'āina. Ke hilinaʻi nui nei ia i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hoʻoheheʻe nui, hoʻonui i ka nui o ka pearlite, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka palaoa a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ua e hōʻoia i ka ikaika. ʻO ke kila haʻahaʻa kalapona haʻahaʻa e hilinaʻi ana i ka quenching, kiʻekiʻe wela wela wela kaʻina hana (tempered treatment) no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka nui o ka hao hao ... kila me kekahi mau mea hoʻohui i hoʻohui ʻia ma ke kumu o ke kila kalapona maʻamau e hoʻokō i nā koi o nā ʻāpana hana like ʻole a me nā waiwai. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kila kila Alloy no ka welding i nā ʻāpana ʻelua. 1 Ke kila no ka ikaika ʻO ke kila ikaika, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ke kila ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole i emi iho ka ikaika ma lalo o 1290MPa a me ka ikaika tensile ʻaʻole i emi ma lalo o 440MPa. E like me ka yield point a me ka wela lapaau moku'āina, ikaika kila hiki ke maheleia i wela owili normalizing kila, haʻahaʻa kalapona tempered kila a me medium carbon tempered kila. Hot owili normalizing kila he 'ano o ka non-wela lāʻau i hoʻoikaika 'ia kila, ka mea maʻamau i hoʻolako 'ia ma ka wela olokaa a normalizing moku'āina. Ke hilinaʻi nui nei ia i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hoʻoheheʻe nui, hoʻonui i ka nui o ka pearlite, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka palaoa a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ua e hōʻoia i ka ikaika. ʻO ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa he kila hoʻoheheʻe nui i hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka hoʻopau ʻana a me ke kaʻina hana wela wela (tempered treatment). He wc0.25% kona mau kalapona, a loaʻa iā ia nā ʻano o ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ka paʻakikī palaki maikaʻi, a hiki ke welded pololei i ka mokuʻāina o ka huhū. He 0.3% kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kalapona kalapona o ke kila kalapona ma mua o wc, a hiki i ka ikaika o ka hua ke piʻi aku ma mua o 880MPa. Ma hope o ka quenching a me ka tempering lapaʻau, he kiʻekiʻe ka ikaika a me ka paakiki, akā, haʻahaʻa toughness, no laila ka weldability ua ilihune. 2. Ke kila kūikawā E like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kūlana kaiapuni a i ʻole nā ​​koi hana hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka pearlite heat resistant steel, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa corrosion a me ka haʻahaʻa wela kila ʻekolu. ʻO ke kila pale wela Pearlite wc≤5%, ke kila hypoeutectoid ma muli o ka chromium a me ka alumini. Loaʻa iā ia ka ikaika wela a me ke kūpaʻa. ʻO kāna kikoʻī kūikawā, aia nō ia i kahi ikaika a me ka pale ʻana i ka oxidation i ka mahana o 500 ~ 600 ℃. Hoʻohana nui ʻia e hana i nā ʻāpana wela kiʻekiʻe i nā lako mana wela a me nā lako petrochemical. ʻO nā kila kūpaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e pili ana i ka aluminika i hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea hana petrochemical a me nā phosphorus-bearing a me ke keleawe-bearing corrosion steels i hoʻohana ʻia no ka wai kai a i ʻole ka lewa. Ma waho aʻe o ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical piha, loaʻa i kēia ʻano kila ke kūpaʻa corrosion i ke ʻano like. Hoʻohana maʻamau ia i ka ʻōwili wela a i ʻole ka normalizing state, kahi mālama wela ʻole o ke kila ikaika. Pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka pepa kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i -40 ~ 196 ℃ haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā ʻāpana hana, ke koi nui o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ka ikaika. Hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia i ke kila nickel-free a me ka nickel-containing steel, maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka normalizing a i ʻole normalizing ahi mokuʻāina, no ka mālama wela ʻole o ke kila ikaika. 3. Weldability analysis of high strength steel ʻO nā pilikia nui o ka weldability o ke kila ikaika kiʻekiʻe he: crystallization māwae, liquefaction māwae, māwae anu, reheat māwae a me ka wela wahi i hoʻololi 'ia hana hoʻololi (1) Crystal māwae. ka wā hoʻopaʻa kuʻi hope ʻana no ka mea ʻo ka eutectic me ka helu heheʻe haʻahaʻa e hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai ma ka palena o ka palaoa a nā māwae ma ka palena palaoa ma lalo o ka hana o ke koʻikoʻi tensile. ʻO kāna hana e pili ana i ka ʻike o nā mea haumia (e like me ka sulfur, phosphorus, carbon, etc.) i ka weld. ʻO kēia mau mea haumia nā mea e hoʻoikaika i nā māwae crystallization a pono e hoʻomalu pono ʻia. Loaʻa i ka Manganese kahi hopena desulphurization, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana o ka weld. (2) Wahi i hoʻopili ʻia i ka wela o ka kuʻekuʻe ʻana i ka liquefied crack No ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka eutectic haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma kahi kokoke i ka palena o ka palaoa metala i loko o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi tensile ma muli o ke kaʻa kaʻa wela o ka wili. 4 Ke kaʻina hana welding o ke kila ikaika kiʻekiʻe ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe e pili ana i ke koho ʻana i nā ʻano kuʻi ʻana a me nā mea wili, ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā kikoʻī o ka welding, ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā limahana hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hui welding a me ke kaʻina hana. He mea koʻikoʻi ke kaʻina hana kuʻikuʻi kūpono e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono a hoʻemi i ke kumukūʻai. (1) ʻO ka ʻōwili wela a me ke kaʻina hana kuʻi ʻana o ke kila maʻamau ʻO ke kila maʻamau ka weldability maikaʻi, aia wale nō ke kūpono ʻole ka hana kuʻi ʻana e ʻike ʻia nā pilikia hana hui. ʻO ka'ōwili wela a me ke kila maʻamau he kūpono ia no nāʻano kuʻikuʻi likeʻole, e like me ka mānoanoa o ka mea, ka hana huahana, ke kūlana weld a me nā kūlana kiko'ī ma lalo o ka noi. ʻO ka maʻamau, hiki ke hana ʻia ke kuʻi ʻana ma ke kuʻekuʻe wāwae, ka kuʻekuʻe wāwae, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke kinoea carbon dioxide a me ka welding electroslag. I mea e pale aku ai i ka embrittlement ma kahi overheated, pono e koho ʻia kahi hoʻokomo wela liʻiliʻi. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻokomo wela liʻiliʻi a me nā ana preheating no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka mahana interlayer e pale i nā māwae i ka wā e wili ai i ke kila me ka mānoanoa nui a me nā mea hao kumu. ʻO ke kumu o ke koho ʻana i nā mea wili he ʻelua: ʻo ka mea e pale aku i nā ʻano kīnā āpau i ka weld, ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻano mechanical o ka metala kumu. Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka weld crystallization, ʻokoʻa kona ʻano kemika mai ka metala kumu. I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka welding arc electrode, hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i ka electrode nona ka pae ikaika e pili ana i ka metala kumu, ʻo ia hoʻi, e like me ka b o ka metala kumu e koho ai. Hiki ke koho i ka electrode calcium me ka hana kaʻina hana maikaʻi a i ʻole ka electrode hydrogen haʻahaʻa. No ke kila ikaika kiʻekiʻe, pono ke koho i ka electrode hydrogen haʻahaʻa. ʻO nā hoʻoheheʻe kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no nā valve Pili kēia maʻamau i nā valves, flanges a me nā mea hoʻolei ʻē aʻe ma lalo o ke kaomi i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa mai -254 ℃ a -29 ℃. ʻO nā hoʻolei ʻana a pau e mālama ʻia me ka wela e like me ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka hoʻohui ʻia kemika o ka mea. No ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻoheheʻe pā mānoanoa e like me nā pono mechanical i koi ʻia, pono ia e kinai i nā pahu kila o ke kino kelepona. Ma mua o ka hana maʻamau a hoʻopau paha, ʻae ʻia e hōʻoluʻolu i ka hoʻolei ʻana ma lalo o ka pae wela o ka hoʻololi ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻolei ʻana a me ka paʻa. Ke hoʻohua ʻia ka wela kiʻekiʻe o ke ʻano o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ili, pono e hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi loa i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka Papa 4 ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻana. Hōʻike ka laulā o kēia maʻamau i nā koi ʻenehana, nā ʻano hoʻāʻo, nā lula nānā a me nā hōʻailona no nā hoʻoheheʻe kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no nā valve (i kapa ʻia ʻo "castings"). Pili kēia maʻamau i nā valves, flanges a me nā mea hoʻolei ʻē aʻe ma lalo o ke kaomi i hoʻohana ʻia i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa mai -254 ℃ a -29 ℃. Normative reference palapala ʻO nā huaʻōlelo i loko o nā palapala aʻe e lilo i mau huaʻōlelo o kēia Kūlana ma ke kuhikuhi ʻana i kēia Kūlana. No nā huaʻōlelo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻaʻole pili nā hoʻololi hope a pau (koe i ka errata) a i ʻole nā ​​hoʻololi i kēia Kūlana, akā naʻe, paipai ʻia nā ʻaoʻao i nā ʻaelike ma lalo o kēia Kūlana e ʻimi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mana o kēia mau palapala. No nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi ʻole, pili ko lākou mau mana i kēia maʻamau. ʻO GB/T222-2006 kila no ka nānā ʻana kemika - Ke ʻano laʻana laʻana a me ka ʻae ʻia ʻana o ka ʻae ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka huahana kemika GB/T 223 (nā ʻāpana āpau) Nā ʻano no ka nānā ʻana kemika o ka hao, ke kila a me nā mea hoʻohui GB/T 228-2002 Metallic -- Tensile ho'āʻo ma ka lumi wela (ISO 6892:1998 (E), MOD) GB/T 229-1994 Metal Charpy notch hopena ʻano hoʻāʻo (eqv TSG 148:1983) ʻO nā ʻae ʻana a me nā ʻae mīkini no nā Castings (eqv ISO 8062:1994) GB/ T 9452-2003 Puhi hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela - ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka wahi hoʻomehana kūpono. nā pahu hopu maʻamau -- Nā kikoʻī kikoʻī Nā kumu nui no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka wili (> GB/T 13927 Ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu maʻamau (GB/T 13927-- ​​1992.neq ISO 5208:1382) GB/T15169-2003 ʻO ka loiloi loea o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kila (ISO) /DIS 9606-1:2002) JB/T 6439 Valve compression cast steel magnetic particle inspection Radiographic no ka hoʻoemi ʻana i nā ʻāpana kila o JB/T 6440 Valve JB/T 6902 valve hoʻolei kila - ʻano hoʻāʻo no ke komo ʻana i ka wai JB/T 7927 valve ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kila ke nānā aku i nā koi maikaʻi ASTM A3S1/A3S1M Austenite a me austenite no nā ʻāpana kaomi. Nā kikoʻī no ka hoʻoheheʻe kila ferritic (biphase) ASTM A352 / A352M Mea kikoʻī no ka Ferritic a me Martensitic Steel Castings no nā ʻāpana ma lalo o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻenehana Nā koi ʻenehana a me ka mahana lawelawe ʻO ka pae waiwai a me ka mahana lawelawe o ka hoʻolei ʻana e hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 1. pae waiwai a me ka wela lawelawe Ka haku mele 'ana a me ka waiwai mechanical E kulike ka haku mele 'ana me nā koi ma ka Papa 2. Papa 2 Ka haku mele 'ana o ka ho'olele 'ana (ka hapa nui)